异质下垫面显热通量动态变化及对环境因子的响应

利用2010年7月至2011年6月大孔径闪烁仪的观测数据分析了显热通量的变化规律,通过主成分分析和相关性分析,筛选出影响显热通量的主要控制因子,探讨了鹫峰站点复杂下垫面水热通量对环境因子的动态响应.结果表明:(1)鹫峰站点显热通量日变化规律与平坦(或均匀)下垫面相似,即显热通量与天气条件密切相关,具有明显的季节性变化规律.4个典型晴天均有峰值出现,从年初至年末显热通量峰值从中午11:00左右向上午偏移;秋分日显热通量波动最明显,冬至日波动较为平缓;夏至日显热通量值最大,处于波峰期,冬至日显热通量值最小,处于波谷期.(2)土壤温度、土壤含水量、空气温度、下垫面蒸散发、风速、风向以及太阳净辐射是影响显热通量传输的主导因子,且不同典型晴天的主导因子不同.(3)土壤含水量和土壤温度与显热通量具有极显著相关性,受下垫面植被组成复杂,地形起伏大等因素的影响,风向与风速与显热输送也表现出了显著的相关性.研究结果有助于加强对复杂山区显热通量规律的认识.     

半干旱区微集水系统土壤水分调控效果研究

分析了定西市安定区以隔坡水平阶为主体的径流调控工程和梯田(对照)的土壤水分与植被生长状况及11a累积土壤水分水量平衡特征。结果表明,隔坡水平阶工程保存完好,产流区(25m²)年均产流0.3m³,产沙3.96kg,被蓄水区全部拦蓄,有效控制了水土流失,增加了水资源量,缓解了林草植被水分供应不足状况。2m土层含水量与植被生长成反比。梯田土壤含水率最高,但农作物受旱减产最大;隔坡水平阶产流区土壤含水率较低,紫花苜蓿减产较大,蓄水区土壤含水率最低,但侧柏林生长旺盛。隔坡水平阶(林草带状混交)年均蒸散量为428.6mm,较梯田高2.2mm。     

基于HJ-1CCD遥感影像的西双版纳橡胶种植区提取

利用橡胶林第一蓬叶变色-稳定期环境遥感影像作为遥感信息源,根据橡胶林这一时期特有的影像特征,通过监督分类方法实现对西双版纳橡胶种植分布区信息的提取,解决了监督分类时树龄、品种和耕作制度造成的光谱差异问题;监督分类前利用NDVI阈值对非提取目标进行剔除,有效减少了分类数和工作量.分析表明,本次提取精度达到97.6％,较好地反映了西双版纳橡胶种植分布情况,同时对国产卫星的推广应用具有良好的示范作用.     

太阳能与发电余热复合沼气增温系统设计

为了实现大中型沼气工程在北方寒冷地区的应用推广。该文针对北方寒冷气候特点,以哈尔滨双城市沼气工程为例构建了1套太阳能-发电余热中温厌氧发酵增温系统,阐述了该增温系统的设计原理,并对沼气发酵热负荷、发电机组余热回收利用率、太阳能集热装置热效率等关键参数进行了理论计算。计算得出该沼气工程全年平均每日热量的损失为6659.2 MJ,太阳能-发电余热中温厌氧发酵增温系统全年平均每日集热量为7017.6 MJ。通过对增温效果与该工程的热量损失进行对比,表明12、1、2月份系统需沼气发电机组额外提供372.2、369.4、208.3 kWh电量增温,其余月份系统可以实现发酵工程每日热量损失的补充,保证该工程的稳定运行。在8月份对示范工程的一次发酵罐体进行了增温效果测试,表明该增温系统在28 d左右可将该发酵罐内物料温度提升到中温发酵水平。该文为北方寒冷地区大中型沼气增温保温设备的配套建设提供参考。     

苹果砧木新品种中砧1号

铁是植物生长的必需微量元素,缺铁导致苹果发生失绿症,生长结果受到影响.我国苹果主产区恰在缺铁区域范围内,因此,从丰富的苹果种质资源中筛选出铁高效型资源,通过育种手段选育出耐缺铁苹果砧木新品种,是解决苹果生产上因缺铁造成生长发育受影响、产量品质受损的根本性途径.1984年开始,本项目组从苹果属40个苹果树砧木种质资源中筛选铁高效基因型,发现小金海棠在Fe含量极低的条件下仍然能够正常生长,未表现出缺铁失绿症状,为铁高效型.随后,以小金海棠(Malus xiaojinensis Cheng et Jiang)实生苗为基础,建立小金海棠开放授粉杂交后代群体.1990年,从自然实生群体中初选出育种优系.经复选比较试验,选育出苹果无性系砧木中砧1号.中砧1号染色体数为四倍体(2n=4x=68),具有无融合生殖能力,去雄套袋坐果率85％以上.与苹果栽培品种嫁接亲和性好,苗干直立性好,固地性强,半矮化,矮化程度、提早结果作用及丰产能力均与苹果半矮化砧木M7相近.果实风味甜,适口性好,品质极佳.抗苹果早期落叶病和枝干轮纹病,高抗苹果褪绿叶斑病毒(CLSV)、茎痘病毒(SPV)及茎沟槽病毒(SGV)等潜隐病毒.在石灰母质土壤地区用作苹果自根砧木,可有效避免缺铁黄化现象的发生.     

Effect of soil solarization on subsequent nitrification activity at elevated temperatures

Soil solarization is a nonchemical method of soil disinfection achieved by covering the soil surface with sheets of vinyl plastic to generate elevated soil temperature, generally over 45°C. Such elevated temperatures may be detrimental to some nitrifying microorganisms and favorable to others. However, little information exists to indicate how nitrification activity in soil is affected after solarization. We performed several experiments to investigate the effects of soil solarization on nitrification activity. We found that: (1) if a soil was subjected to pretreatment of 45 or 50°C for as little as 1 d, nitrification activity in a subsequent incubation at 30°C was less than that of a soil that did not receive any high-temperature pretreatment. However, if a soil received pretreatments of 45 or 50°C for more than 7 d, nitrification activity in a subsequent incubation at 45 or 50°C was greater than that of soil that did not receive high temperature pretreatment. (2) Nitrification activity in three kinds of soil taken from 0–5 cm depth after solarization treatment was greater at 45°C than 30°C. (3) Nitrification activity at 45°C in soil that had received solarization in the preceding year was greater than that in soil that had not been subjected to solarization. This was consistent with the fact that the population densities of ammonia oxidizers were greater in soils that had been subjected to solarization. These results suggest that soil solarization induces nitrifying microorganisms that are more active at 45–50°C than they are at 30°C, and that the effect of solarization on nitrification persists until the next crop season.     

Promotive and inhibitory effects of rice straw and cellulose application on rice plant growth in pot and field experiments

Abstract

Quantitative characterization of crusts is necessary to evaluate the crusting susceptibility of soils, to reveal the soil properties affecting soil crust development and, thus, to predict the occurrence of crusting. For the quantification of the morphological characteristics of soil surface crusts, the authors applied an image analyzing method to quantify the state of pores, in terms of apparent porosity, using vertical thin sections of the surface crust formed under simulated rainfall.     

翻耕补播措施对宁夏荒漠草原土壤碳氮储量的影响

以3种翻耕补播方式(深翻耕补播、浅翻耕补播和免耕补播,播量30kg/hm2)及深翻补播不同播量(7.5kg/hm2、15kg/hm2和22.5kg/hm2)为研究对象,以封育未补播为对照,研究了不同翻耕补播措施对宁夏荒漠草原土壤碳氮储量的影响.结果 表明:封育未补播处理可提高0～10cm土层土壤有机碳和全氮含量;深翻耕...     

新型涡轮叶片冷却技术换热特性实验研究

通过实验研究了一种新型涡轮叶片冷却技术（Thermal driving in high centrifugal field，TDHCF）的换热特性。该技术主要利用高彻体力场下微小封闭循环通道内流体的热驱动运动来达到高效换热的目的。实验中分别采用了液态H2O和氟利昂R12为热驱动介质，分析了离心力场下热驱动运动的流动规律和换热特性，讨论了TDHCF技术的总平均换热效果KH随旋转速度和热流密度的变化规律。研究发现：离心力场下，采用不同的流体作为热驱动介质所形成的热驱动运动规律相同，温度分布也基本类似，均是随着转速和热流密度的增加，热驱动运动强度提高，平均换热系数随之变大。研究结果表明：旋转速度、热流密度以及热驱动介质的热物性均影响了TDHCF所最终能达到的换热效果，其中旋转速度的影响尤为显著；在热流密度或转速不变的情况下，以液态氟利昂R12为热驱动介质，TDHCF可以达到更高的强化换热效果。与常规的气冷技术相比，采用TDHCF可以有效地提高换热效果。     

Morphogenetic Effects of Different Mineral N-compounds on Roots of Maize (Zea mays L.), Spring Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and Broad Bean (Vicia faba L.)

Plants of maize ( Zea mays L.), spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) and broad bean ( Vicia faba L.) were raised in tubes filled with a soil-sand mixture and supplied with nutrient solution. The nutrient supply was varied with regard to concentration and typ of compound of "N". Due to the relatively high concentrations of "N", dry matter of shoots and roots was reduced in comparison to the control; root morphology was affected in terms of root length and root thickness. The N-compounds, used in the experiment, exerted quantitatively different influences on dry matter production and root morphology, NH₄NO₃ being the N-form which had the weakest detrimental effects. There was no specific response to NH⁺₄ or NO⁻₃ but a strong influence could be shown for NH₄Cl and N_aNO₃. Probably not only the concentration of "N" and the form of "N" have a specific influence, but also the cations and anions associated with the N-containing ion are effective.